Doe Season - 855 Words

Doe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhood. All through her life Andy has acknowledged herself as being able to relate to male figures and being more similar to her father than her mother. Andy is a young girl who enters the world of a boy s rite of passage to adulthood,†¦show more content†¦When Mac, Charlie’s son, mentions to Andy that Canada is nearby, Andy rejects the idea. These same woods could not possibly go to a foreign country that is not part of home. Just as Andy is emerging into a new person, the woods ar ound her are no longer the same as they were when she originally left home by the end of the journey. Both Charlie and Mac do not like, nor understand the idea that Andy is coming along on their hunting trip to the Pennsylvania countryside. Charlie continually questioning Andy’s father: Charlie Spoon was driving. â€Å"I don’t understand why she’s coming,† he said to her father. â€Å"How old is she anyway—eight?† â€Å"Nine,† her father replied. â€Å"She’s small for her age.† â€Å"So—nine. What’s the difference? She’ll just add to the noise and get tired besides† (511). This goes to show that Charlie does not believe that girls or women should go hunting. He does not think that Andy is capable of keeping up with the men, this is very stereotypical. Culture has changed and it is now acceptable for women to go hunting and do outdoor activities. There are many women and girls who go hunting with their fathers in today’s world, but there are still men that think it’s a man’s job. Andy’s father does not see a problem with Andy going hanging with the guys. He sticks up for her every time Charlie and Mac ask why she’s coming with. When Charlie repeatedly stated that he didn’t understand why she was coming, Andy’s father says, â€Å"She can walkShow MoreRelatedDoe Season: Andys Epiphany820 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of finding out who one is can be very turbulent and confusing. Through growing up one goes through so many different changes in terms of ones personality and deciding who they are and what they want to be. The little girl in David Kaplans Doe Season goes through one of these changes, as do many other adolescents confused about who they are, and finds out that there are some aspects of a persons identity that cannot be changed no matter how hard he/she tries. brbrAndy is a nine-year-oldRead MoreAnalysis of Doe Season Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Doe Season† The short story, â€Å"Doe Season† written by David Michael Kaplan is about a young girl’s loss of innocence and hesitation towards womanhood. In this story, the protagonist, an eight year old girl joins in on a hunting trip with her father and some friends. During this trip, Andy learns that being one of the boys may not be what she aspires after all. A few literary elements Kaplan uses helps readers better understand the story while reading such as, the characters, settingRead More Doe Season: Andys Epiphany Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagesof finding out who one is can be very turbulent and confusing. Through growing up one goes through so many different changes in terms of ones personality and deciding who they are and what they want to be. The little girl in David Kaplans quot;Doe Seasonquot; goes through one of these changes, as do many other adolescents confused about who they are, and finds out that there are some aspects of a persons identity that cannot be cha nged no matter how hard he/she tries. Andy is a nine-year-old girlRead MoreAnalysis Of David Kaplan s Doe Season854 Words   |  4 Pages Everyone goes through changes in life, especially ones that define who you are. In David Kaplan’s short story â€Å"Doe Season,† he portrays a young tomboyish girl that metamorphosis into a young woman over a short hunting trip. Not only does the young girl enjoy spending time with her father, but she enjoys the things that he does – shooting, camping, hunting. This is not typical of your average girl, or even a 9-year-old girl. Throughout the story there are symbols that show the audience Andy’s conflictsRead MoreLetter of Recommendation2077 Words   |  9 Pagespages.    · List your contact information if you are willing to field follow-up correspondence.    · Proofread! The letter of recommendation represents both you and the applicant.   EXAMPLE: To Whom it May Concern:   I highly recommend Jane Doe as a candidate for employment. Jane was employed by Company Name as an Administrative Assistant from 2002 - 2005. Jane was responsible for office support including word processing, scheduling appointments and creating brochures, newsletters, and otherRead MoreEssay about Deer Hunting1080 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual must get prepared for the beginning of the deer-hunting season. Contact your local parks and wildlife organization to find out the rules and regulations for that particular season, the dates for the season, and bag limits. Once you have gathered this information, go to any sporting goods or hardware store to purchase a hunting license. A combination hunting and fishing license usually costs around $55. In preparing for the season, you also need to find a hunting club or lease. When looking forRead MoreThe Transition Into Womanhood By David Michael Kaplan894 Words   |  4 Pagesrest of her life. As for Andy, she is a mixture of both. She begins the story with a younger girl’s view on life with flashes of womanhood running through her vision and then with the experience of killing a doe, she transitions into the woman she is meant to be. Throughout the story â€Å"Doe Season† written by David Michael Kaplan, the reader is able to witness Andy’s varying sense of womanhood and her complete transformation into it. Andy begins her journey into womanhood when she wakes up for the huntingRead MoreDeer Hunting987 Words   |  4 Pagesleads to the food source. Also if you cut your on trail they will use this to. Deer are funny creatures when it becomes hunting season. This takes place around the last week of October to the first week of January. At this time the does, which are female deer, still have fawns, which are baby deer, with them. The fawns are from last year’s mating season. The mating season of a deer is called the rut. This usually happens on the second full moon after the fall equinox which occurs from as early asRead MoreMy Fondest Memories Of The Hunt Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthick North Face coat, and my cozy camouflage stocking hat made me feel invisible from the chilly and windy environment. As I waited in the buddy stand, I stared out into the timber of opportunity. More in more, I noticed the transitioning of seasons. The season of fall was in full force, but the cold weather of winter was quickly taking control like a boy experiencing puberty. Lone survivors of dead and colorless leaves clung to their branches, but eventually they surrendered and sailed to the groundRead More Deer Overpopulation and Some Proposed Solutions Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pages particularly in Pennsylvania and Michigan. Despite the amount they are hunted, both in and out of season, you can not drive more than a few miles out of the towns without seeing one that was hit by a car. The deer population in this area just keeps growing. It is unclear what should be done to stop the over population of this beautiful creature. Perhaps different hunting seasons or longer seasons are the answer. Possibly we should focus more on the development of birth control for the female deer

Influence of Women on American History Through the Civil War Free Essays

string(177) " to carry pitchers of water to the artillery gunners, and she even took over her husband’s job as rammer when her husband was wounded and could no longer man the gun mission\." The Influence of Women on the Founding of America and Through 1877 Kelley Swatsenbarg Wayland Baptist University – San Antonio Center Mr. Thomas Gaj May 4, 2010 The Influence of Women on the Founding of America and Through 1877 Throughout the many years of history, women have always had some kind of influence over man. Whether it be coercing him, tricking him, or demanding of him, they changed the actions of men. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Women on American History Through the Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes it has been completely unintentional; sometimes intentional. Sometimes it has been covertly; sometimes overtly. Sometimes it has been the mothers of great men making decisions about their upbringing; sometimes it has been the choices made by female leaders or leaders wives. The United States in no different; women have been influencing, directly or indirectly, the decision and actions of the men in America starting from the choice to fund Christopher Columbus’s misguided exploration. Famous foreign rulers have influence America, from the beginning of the history of the United States. The first, of course, is the famous Isabella, Queen of Spain, who convinced King Ferdinand to finance Christopher Columbus’s exploration to find a route to Asia by traveling west. Then Elizabeth, Queen of England, decided to try to colonize the Americas to get tax revenue thus causing great numbers of Englishmen to colonize the United States. Some women did what they could within the confines of their traditionally established role of nurturer and were involved in the medical field. Two examples are Susie King Taylor and Mary Edwards Walker. Susie King Taylor traveled with her husband who was in E Company 33rd United States Colored Troops during the Civil War. She was a former slave who became their nurse, laundress, cook, teacher, and even comforted the sick soldiers even on their deathbed. Mary Edwards Walker was also a Union nurse during Civil War who finally won a commission in the army as a surgeon, and was the only woman to receive a Congressional Medal of Honor. Dorthea Dix helped organize the Union Army Corp of Nurses and was appointed superintendent of the Union nurses. There was the teacher, Clara Barton, now a famous humanitarian, who, after the outbreak of the Civil War, remained in contact with many former students in the New England Volunteer Regiment that went south. Their mothers gave her gifts for their sons as they thought that she, as a nurse, would be able to get packages to them. She realized that these were not gifts, but rather necessities like soap; from this she created the American Red Cross. She was also a Union nurse who bravely stayed to help surgeons under fire when all the male assistants fled. Some women personally aided soldiers and the underprivileged. One such woman was Margaret Corbin who traveled with her husband to take care of him during the war, doing woman’s work, but was in a battle with her husband. When he died in battle, she took over the cannon; she was wounded and later received the first retired disability pension for a woman. Some women created inspiration in various forms of literature to give hope to the men of this nation. One was Ethel Lynn Beers who wrote poetry and published a poem she’d titled â€Å"The Picket Guard. † The poem was adapted to music and sung by soldiers on both sides in the Civil War. Another woman of inspiration is Lydia Maria Child who wrote An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans_ _that was a key to persuading many Americans of the need for abolition of slavery. Some women were acclaimed worldwide, like Catherine Maria Sedgwick, who wrote numerous historical sketches and biographies. Her writing is considered to be completely American in both thought and feeling; it captured the all of the characterx and manners of New England. Another American author was Mercy Otis Warren, the wife of politician, James Warren; the couple had a close friendship with Abigail and John Adams. John encouraged her to write the history of the American Revolution. Ironically, he ostracized her and her husband because of candid accounts of atrocities against women and children during the war. By far the most famous writer to influence politics was Harriet Beecher Stowe who became a celebrity when she published Tom’s Cabin in 1851 depicting the atrocious lives of black slaves in the South. In 1852 she was introduced to President Abraham Lincoln who greeted her â€Å"So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War! † Other women created patriotic symbols which would inspire generations of Americans. Betsy Ross, operated an upholstery shop, became legendary for making the first stars-and-stripes at the request of George Washington which was adopted as the national flag by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777. Another example of a woman who inspired is Julia Ward Howe, a famous writer who wrote the celebrated Battle Hymn of the Republic. Many women inspired men through their patriotic activities. One great patriot that inspired Georgia was their most famous female patriot of the Revolutionary War, Nancy Hart, whose steadfast endeavors get rid of British and their sympathizers. However the most famous heroic female patriot, in spite of her flaws, is Dolly Madison, the wife of James Madison and acting first lady for Thomas Jefferson. She could have influence them in their politics, but she inspired the masses with her patriot deeds. During her husband’s tenure as president, the British attacked Washington, D. C. She had the foresight to save not only the silver but also secret documents and a portrait of George Washington which would have likely been destroyed. Another patriot was Molly Pitcher, originally named Mary Ludwig Hays. During the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, she was with her husband on the front lines. Seeing that the soldiers were thirsty, she made her way through ferocious fighting to carry pitchers of water to the artillery gunners, and she even took over her husband’s job as rammer when her husband was wounded and could no longer man the gun mission. You read "Influence of Women on American History Through the Civil War" in category "Papers" Sometimes women invented machines or assisting others in their endeavors to invent. For example, Martha Coston developed an elaborate system of flares called Night Signals that allowed ships to transmit nocturnal messages which was later purchased by the U. S. Navy. Also, Mary Walton patented a method of deflecting smoke stack emissions through water tanks later adapted the system for use on locomotives and invented a noise reduction system for elevated railroads. On the other hand Catharine (Kitty) Littlefield Greene helped Eli Whitney set up his workshop and was among the few people to see his first prototype of the cotton gin. At the time it was able to remove the seed, but the cotton fibers kept getting stuck in the mechanisms. Kitty simply suggested sweeping the fibers off and the rest, shall we say, is history. Some women have taken steps out of the boundaries of the traditional role by being the first woman to surpass a man in a particular field. Among these was Lady Deborah Moody who, because of lack of religious freedom, led a group of followers to the Dutch colony of New Netherland where she founded the settlement of Gravesend in Brooklyn. Also because of views about standard religions, Mary Baker Eddy founded Christian Science as well as the six time Pulitzer Prize winning newspaper, The Christian Science Monitor. Still other women inspired men to think of women as more equal by making the same achievements as men. First there was Mary Katherine Goddard, the first woman publisher who was asked by the signers of the Declaration of Independence to print the first official copies of the document. There was also Margaret Fuller, the first female foreign correspondent. In medicine, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to graduate from medical school, and Sarah Hackett Stevenson was the first female member of the American Medical Association. Sometimes women influence men by political activism like Harriett Delille who campaigned for children’s labor rights or Ester Deberdt Reed who formed a women’s organization that collected $300,000 for Washington’s army. Still others campaigned for workers’ rights like Sarah Bagley who fought for a ten-hour workday. Of course now the laws state that a workday must be no longer than eight hours a day or forty hours per week, but we would not have progressed to where we are without her protesting. Others spoke out for women’s rights like Susan B. Anthony, Isabella Stowe Beecher, Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, just to name a few. Yet others spoke out against slavery like Abby Folsom, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Maria Stewart, and Truth Sojourner. Victoria Woodhull took activism a step further when she became a politician and was the first women to campaign for president of the United States in 1872. Sometimes their influence has simply been by virtue of the fact that they were married to famous men and they have influenced their husbands’ actions. Martha Washington, as we all know, was the wife of President George Washington. She was the first first-lady forming the model for all first ladies to come with her abilities to balance managing a plantation, arranging state dinners and function, visiting troops, and maintaining her relationship with George by supporting and advising him. Abigail Smith Adams was the wife of Samuel Adam and mother of John Quincy Adams who would later become president. She was his confidant, counselor, and advisor sharing her political views with him and even warning him about future problems including women’s rights. Their son, John Quincy Adams married Louisa Adams. Louisa, the only first lady not born in America, is reputed to have made many social calls to help him get elected. Deborah Read Franklin was the common law wife of Benjamin Franklin. She also took over his responsibilities as owner of a printing business and as postmaster while he was away on diplomatic affairs. On the other hand, Elizabeth Schuler Hamilton spent her entire life dedicated to memorializing her husband’s heritage. She even ensured a brass plaque was placed on their son’s grave in Sacramento, California dedicated to Alexander’s patriotism. Sarah Livingston Jay would pass valuable information, and gossip, to her husband, John Jay which helped him while he was secretary of foreign affairs – this position was also the head of Congress and thereby the de-facto head of state. Mary White Morris and her husband Robert Morris were close friends of John and Sally Jay, often having many a long political discussion. While Rebecca Ann Felton, the husband of William Felton, helped him write his speeches while he served as a congressman between 1875 thru 1881. Still other women were simply involved with activities which have influenced domestic politics like, Irene Sanford Emerson who was sued by a former slave, Dred Scott. Mr. Scott traveled with Mr. Emerson while he was in the army stationed in the North; he claimed he had been emancipated as a result of having lived with his master in the free state of Illinois. The court ruled in favor of Mrs. Emerson; Mr. Scott appealed to the Supreme Court where the decision was upheld, but it set the precedence that blacks had a legal right to file suit in a civil court, as previously blacks were considered property and therefore, like a chair, could not litigate. There were also many Native American women who assisted and acted as diplomats for the settlers and colonists. One was Mary Musgrove, an American Indian interpreter, diplomat, and businesswoman. She was raised by Colonists and, because she knew both languages well, she interpreted for James Oglethorpe when he founded the colony of Georgia. She also inherited land from her Native American mother, as their tradition was to pass property down the matriarchal line. The English refused to accept the legality of her property ownership and she took them to court. They negotiated and came to a compromise; some of the land was sold by the British with her receiving the proceeds. Then there was Pocahontas, Native American princess who helped the Jamestown settlers by bringing them food and warning them of her father’s attacks. She was held prisoner by the settlers in an effort to force her father into a peace agreement, but he refused; she eventually converted her to Christianity and married John Rolfe. Because of her position as wife of John Rolfe and daughter of an Indian chief, she was able to maintain peace between the two communities. Sacajawea was another Native American who influenced American politics. She was married to a French man, Toussaint Charbonneau, the guide hired by Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition. Sacajawea went with her husband and interpreted with the Native American Indians. She would translate to Charbonneau in French and he would translate to Lewis and Clark into English. During her trip she gave birth to a son, and, all the while taking care of him, guided the explorers trough Indian lands, protected them from Indian attacks, kept valuable items from being lost–her husband was a klutz, and even found them food to supplement their all-meat diet. Other women covertly did the jobs of men such as Deborah Champion, a teenage girl who bought parcels, messages and pay to General George Washington when soldiers could not. Some other messengers were Behethland Moore and Sybil Ogden Ludington, dubbed the â€Å"female Paul Revere† (she rode about twice as far as he did on his famous ride). Still other women, like Harriet Tubman–a conductor on the Underground Railroad, acted secrectly. The history of the world abounds with famous female spies like Pauline Cushman, a Union spy, became a camp follower of the Confederate army. She was discover, tried in a military court, and sentenced to hang; they delayed her sentence due to her health and she was rescued by Union forces. Upon her return North, President Lincoln made her an honorary major. Elizabeth Van Lew was a famous and effective Union spy. She entered the Confederate Libby Prison on the pretense of humanitarian reasons, and, since the guards thought she was harmless and crazy, she gained information about the strength and disposition of the troops. As her work continued, she devised a way to send coded messages inside eggs. Belle Boyd used her feminine wiles to gain secrets and trap Union soldiers. Others posed as soldiers and fought in war. During the Civil War, Ann Clarke dressed as a man in the Confederate army. She was wounded, taken prisoner, and later released. Prudence Wright gathered a women’s troop and dressed in husbands’ uniforms to defend their city from the British. They captured a British spy and turned him over to the Colonial Army. Deborah Sampson Gannet dressed as man in order to fight in Revolution; her husband received land and was granted the pension of a soldier. During her career she was wounded several times and caught a fever which nearly took her life. If it were not for the fever she would have remained a soldier longer, but a doctor finally discovered her secret, but he did not publicly release the fact, instead he sent her to General George Washington who immediately discharged her. Then there was the famous story of Sarah Emma Edmonds who enlisted in the Union army as Frank Thompson, a male nurse. She effectively guarded her secret for many years even taking on disguises of men and women, blacks and whites to spy. She left the army for medical treatment in an area where she was unknown, when she did this, Frank Thompson was viewed as a deserter. Afterwards, she fought to be recognized for her achievements, and, with a special act of Congress, she was honorably discharged and given a pension. The Confederacy had plenty of female spies too. Included in this number is Antonia Ford who passed along to Confederate J. E. B. Stuart information on Union troop activity. Rose O’Neal Greenhow was such a successful spy that she was imprisoned twice, and then exiled to the Confederate states. She was to tour Britain and France as a propagandist for the Confederate cause; her memoirs were published with a wide sale throughout the British Isles. She obtained more and more sympathy for the South. There was also the case of Loreta Janeta Velazquez who enlisted in disguise and served at Manassas/Bull Run, Ball’s Bluff, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh under the name Lieutenant Harry T. Buford. She also claims to have served as a spy and worked working as a double agent for the Confederacy in the service of the U. S. Secret Service. To this day no one can determine if in fact any of these accounts are true,, although a newspaper report mentions a Lieutenant Bensford arrested when it was disclosed â€Å"he† was actually a woman giving her name as Alice Williams. Even in Colonial times America was full of willing female spies and messengers such as Dicey Langston was a teenage colonial spy who forded a river, up to her shoulders, to get details of British troop movement to the colonial army. And then there was Emily Geiger a messenger for General Greene in the Colonial army. Coming from the direction of Greene’s army, she was suspected and confined to a room. The officer sent for a woman to search her for papers. She sought to destroy the letter; once the door was shut, she ate up the letter, piece by piece. Lydia Darragh was a mortician and would watch British troops from the window of her house. She sent messages about their activities through one of her sons and then to another soldier to get information to Washington’s Army. British officer Major Andre commandeered her house, but allowed the family to stay in the house. She could then listen in on their plotting and send word of their plans. Others’ influences were merely accidental like Peggy O’Neale Eaton, married Senator John Eaton in 1828 during Andrew Jackson’s presidency. Many gossiped about her colorful past and seeming infidelity with her first husband, when she married Eaton, she shunned by cabinet members’ wives due to her assumed sordid past. The behavior of the ladies towards her and the influence upon their husbands created such a disaster that the cabinet fell apart–Jackson fired them all. An unintentional influence on men’s actions was Betsy Loring who was General Howe’s mistress; although she was the wife a loyalist, she distracted General Howe by â€Å"entertaining† and distracting him from battles with General Washington. The United States of America owes an enormous debt to Mary Ball Washington. She set the example of solid morals and religious opinions, and even read to her children aloud. We need to thank her for one incidentally decision that she made regarding the future of her son. When George was fourteen years old, his half-brother Lawrence obtained a midshipman’s warrant for him in the English naval service. George was already packed and ready to go, but his mother refused to give her consent at the last minute. So, because of an inadvertent decision, George Washington became the Father of Our Country and our first President instead of an English naval officer. In conclusion, in all nations, including the United States, women have been influencing, either directly or indirectly, the decision and actions of the men. Regardless of whether we believe that changes women have made are good or bad, they have helped define this great nation of ours, and, as the French say, â€Å"Viva la difference. Collins, G. (2003). America’s Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Roberts, C. (2004_) Founding Mothers: the Women Who Raised Our Nation. _ New York: HarperCollins Publishers Roberts, C. (2008). Ladies of Liberty: the Women Who Shaped Our Nation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Taylor, S. K. (2004). The Diary of Susie King Taylor, Civil War nurse. Tarrytown, NY: Benchmark books Zall, P. M. (1991). Founding Mothers: Profiles of Ten Wives of America’s Founding Fathers. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books How to cite Influence of Women on American History Through the Civil War, Papers

Constraints of Quality Control - Free Sample- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theConstraints of Quality Control. Answer: Introduction Quality control is defined as the activity that is undertaken to ensure that the quality of an end product of a manufacture (from industry) or project is according to the pre-set standards. However, recently, quality control is mostly ignored by the project managers in order to save time and money in the project. In order to analyse and address this issue, this literature review has been conducted that is mainly based on the quality control of a project. The entire study has been conducted on different factors related to the quality control and issues related to a project. The study first starts with the analysis of the importance of quality control in a project and then the role of project managers or organization leaders in ensuring the quality of the project and finally the adverse effects that may be occur in a project due to lack of quality control. Furthermore in this report, the use of technology for quality control has been suggested and for that purpose, the different techno logical processes that can aid the quality control and management of a project have been analysed. In this assignment, a literature review has been conducted on the quality control factors and the constraints that prevent application of quality control in a project. Following the literature review study and analysis, suitable recommendations have been provided for the purpose of quality control of a project. Literature Review Quality control is a system that is needed more and more with the progress of time as the needs for setting a certain standard of outputs are growing. This is mainly because, these days, most of the manufactures are only after profits and hence, in order to maximize it; they are continuously using poor quality materials for the manufacture of the products. As a result, the outcome of the manufacture is of the poor quality and this is resulting in the depletion of customer satisfaction that in turn negatively affects the business of the retailers. Researchers have studied this issue for some time and have developed the concept of quality control. A literature review has been conducted based on the works different researchers as follows. According to Munier (2013), some manufacturers, especially in the countries with developing economy ignore the quality factor and aims for producing the materials at the least possible expense for gaining maximum possible profits. As a result, they are delivering poor quality products to the retailers who are in turn selling poor quality products to the customers. This in turn angers the customers and the customer base of the retailer starts to decrease. However, this does not affect the manufacturer much as they find other retailers to sell their products. According to the researcher, this is significantly affecting the retailers and the customers whereas the manufacturer is earning huge amounts from selling poor quality products at low cost. As per the works of Corona-Surez, AbouRizk and Karapetrovic (2014), not only the retail industry, quality factors are also becoming rising issues in projects as many project managers are not undertaking sufficient measures for the quality control of the project. As a result, the quality of the project is getting severely affected. It is the duty of the project manager to control the quality of the project in order to ensure complete success of the project. Without quality control, the project may be successful but after sometime, various faults and loopholes of the project become noticeable. Phillips (2013) said that quality control is a problem that is adversely affecting all the industries as this is the age of capitalism and each and every company is looking to earn maximum amount of profits irrespective of the quality of the product or service outcome. Quality control requires extra expenses and project manager himself has to conduct the quality control steps which also incur a lot of time. Project management is all about the cost and time efficiency and hence, quality control is easily one of the activities that can excluded from a project by the project manager. However, Sallis (2014) reiterates the importance of the project quality management in his works regarding quality control. According to him, instead of considering project quality management as waste of time and money, the project managers should see it as one of the most important and integral parts of the project that should never be ignored in order to satisfy the clients and maintain the customer base. Moreover, ignoring quality control saves time and money but has only short term effect whereas suitable quality control reduces the profit but the advantages are applicable for a long term. Moreover, initially, the company has to bear some costs whereas in the long term, their profits will continue to grow exponentially. Kerzner (2013) researched about the constraints of quality control that are mainly faced by the project managers during the course of a budget. According to him, the following are the main constraints faced by the project managers. Time Constraint: Often, the projects have extremely limited amount of time and the project managers consider quality control as a waste of time and an excess to the requirements. Moreover, before starting the project, the company instructs the project managers to earn as much profit as they can as an outcome of the project. Hence, the project manager generally emphasizes on maximizing the cost benefit factors of the project instead of analysing the quality aspects of the project. Cost Constraint: Again, like the previous point, cost constraint is an important behind the lack of quality control implementation in the project. Most of the projects have limited budgets and the project managers are to gain maximum amount of profits and cost benefit from the project as well as not to exceed the project budget during the project. Hence, quality control is also considered by the managers as waste of money and they emphasize on maximizing the cost benefit factors for the project. Scope: According to the researcher, scope is another main constraint that for the lack of quality control in the project. While preparation of the project scope, the project manager emphasizes on the main deliverables of the project and generally ignores the quality control of the project as it is considered as waste of time and money. Hence, after the preparation of the project scope, the quality control is ignored and not included as a part of the project. As per the works of Low and Ong (2014), there are certain steps that can be taken to improve that quality of the project and maintain the limits of time, scope and budget as well. These are discussed as follows. Consider Quality Control as Part of Project During the preparation of a project plan, the organization chairman and the project manager should consider quality control as an integral part of the project. They should know the importance of quality control in the project as well as maintaining a good customer base and act accordingly during the course of the project. While preparing the project plan document, the project manager should include quality control at different parts of the project to ensure all the project activities are conducted according to plan and a sufficient quality is maintained. Arrange Time and Money for Quality Control When the plans of most of the projects are prepared, the organization owners estimate the cost and time requirements excluding the quality control during the project. Hence, the budget and time get limited and as a result, there is no scope of inclusion of quality control within the project. However, if the quality control factor is considered early during the project planning, there will be no shortage of time and budget (Oakland 2014). However, first, the organization owner should be able to value the importance of quality control and ensure a specific quality of the project output that will also not negatively affect the customer satisfaction rating. Value the Customers over Time and Money Another important factor that stands as an obstacle to the quality control factor of the project is the companys emphasis of the cost and time benefits instead of fulfilling the requirements of the client. Although the company reiterates that their sole focus is solely on the clients needs, in reality, their sole focus is earning maximum amount of profits. Hence, simply preparing a strong mission and vision statement is not enough for the company, they should be able to understand the importance of quality in maintaining a strong customer base and implement it accordingly in the project. Utilize Technology Nowadays, quality control in a project is also aided by the advanced technologies that also save a lot of time and money. Different technical projects like electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and others are now aided by advanced simulation and software driven technologies that can help to control the quality of the project if applied properly (Botje et al. 2014). For instance, during the design of water flow tanks controlled by a PID Controller, the researchers generally prepare a theoretical model and apply the model in the real design accordingly. However, the quality of the final design becomes poor and inefficient. However, with the help of MATLAB (a simulation software), the researcher can easily prepare the final design of the project, simulate it to get the results and then prepare the same for the real design. Again, there are several simulation tools that are utilized by the mechanical engineers in order to ensure the quality of the outcomes of the project. Hence, it has been seen that quality control is not a very impossible job for the project managers neither it is a waste of time and money. The companies should be able to value the opinions and requirements of the customers and should take suitable steps to ensure the quality of the services or the products provided to the customer are always of the best quality. This will not only help increase the customer base but will also strengthen the customer base that will result in slow but exponential increasing in the annual revenue of the company (Shaari et al. 2015). Moreover, since technology is here to aid the process of quality control, the companies and organizations should fully utilize its help and implement quality control in the project. Moreover, quality control of the project should be done by the project manager and accordingly, the project monitoring should be done. Furthermore, the company should not consider quality control as waste of time and money and should spend the money for quality control no matter what in order to ensure best quality outcome of the project. Conclusion In this assignment, a literature review has been conducted on the quality control factors and the constraints that prevent application of quality control in a project. Quality control is a system that is needed more and more with the progress of time as the needs for setting a certain standard of outputs are growing. This is mainly because, these days, most of the manufactures are only after profits and hence, in order to maximize it; they are continuously using poor quality materials for the manufacture of the products. As a result, the outcome of the manufacture is of the poor quality and this is resulting in the depletion of customer satisfaction that in turn negatively affects the business of the retailers. Researchers have studied this issue for some time and have developed the concept of quality control. Instead of considering project quality management as waste of time and money, the project managers should see it as one of the most important and integral parts of the project that should never be ignored in order to satisfy the clients and maintain the customer base. Moreover, ignoring quality control saves time and money but has only short term effect whereas suitable quality control reduces the profit but the advantages are applicable for a long term. Furthermore, initially, the company has to bear some costs whereas in the long term, their profits will continue to grow exponentially. References Botje, D., Klazinga, N.S., Sunol, R., Groene, O., Pfaff, H., Mannion, R., Depaigne-Loth, A., Arah, O.A., Dersarkissian, M., Wagner, C. and DUQuE Project Consortium, 2014. Is having quality as an item on the executive board agenda associated with the implementation of quality management systems in European hospitals: a quantitative analysis.International journal for quality in health care,26(suppl_1), pp.92-99. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Corona-Surez, G.A., AbouRizk, S.M. and Karapetrovic, S., 2014. Simulation-based fuzzy logic approach to assessing the effect of project quality management on construction performance.Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering,2014. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Levin, G., 2014. Project Quality Management: Why, What and How.Project Management Journal,45(5). Low, S.P. and Ong, J., 2014. Quality Management. InProject Quality Management(pp. 29-36). Springer Singapore. Low, S.P. and Ong, J., 2014. Research Design and Methodology. InProject Quality Management(pp. 69-77). Springer Singapore. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Munier, N., 2013. Project Quality Management. InProject Management for Environmental, Construction and Manufacturing Engineers(pp. 201-208). Springer Netherlands. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Routledge. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shaari, N., Abdullah, M.N., Asmoni, M., Lokman, M.A., Hamid, H.A. and Mohammed, A.H., 2015. Practice for project quality management systems (PQMS) in construction project.Jurnal Teknologi,77, p.26. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

Race and gender

The major foundation and the cornerstone that binds a given people together, aside from the tribal affiliations is the race to which each of us belongs. Stereotypes aside, the perceptions that we hold or believe in to a large extent determine our attitudes towards a certain group of people who fall within the brackets of these labels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race and gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the movie â€Å"Race, the Power of Illusion†, a rather uncommon path of argument is explored on one issue that has been rather fundamental to the whole human race yet it is ignored much of the time it come to light. The movie explores race and the assumption human beings behold in relation to this aspect of our social life, and explores the possibilities that lie beyond these daily perceptions(Money, 1994). Questions abound though, is there any slightest possibility of the existence of the ide a that human beings can be categorized and handled differently depending on their racial affiliation? Are whites generally at an advantage as a result of our institutions taking heed to the perceptions that white people are superior? A difference in opinion over what race is superior above the rest has resulted to mayhem in any two wrangling societies with different races. This is evident in testimonies that bear stories of tribal cleansing, war and even in sensitive areas such as the rules that affect immigration among different countries. The debates about race have dominated almost all spheres of our social lives yet all of us, whether racist or not do not question the truth behind this. Scientific evidence discards the whole behind â€Å"race† as a myth, one that is not at par with the times or rather Neanderthal. A long history of research and analysis of the differences among the different races has yielded only one result; that racial differences go only skin deep (Bus s, 2001). The intrinsic delicate features that comprise the human DNA do not show any difference between people of give races. Gender identity, on the other hand is another aspect of social interventions that influence our interactions. It s not a state of inexorableness, rather it is just an attitude that people link to certain qualities that comprise character.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The differences, though they come out through the biological standards that define the different sexes, are far apart and their classification goes deeper than the biological constants that are male and female (Gould, 1996). A break down of this scenario would to put into perspective this thought; that people inherit their sex, and not their gender. For instance, biologically, one’s sex is determined by the result of the interplay of the chromosomes physically expressed through the reaction of hormones and other organs such as the reproductive organs. Contrary to this, somebody’s gender is to a large extent determined by the society and the norms that define the lifestyles of a given people (Gould, 1996).). The societal perception about masculinity and feminists is to a large extent dictated by their social behavior and what the different cultures practice as norms. One school of thought advocating for this idea purports that had people’s characters and behaviors’ be dictated by the differences that arise out of their biology, then the differences universally would widen. Higher hormone levels would lead to increased activities, and that in many places their reactions would be alike irrespective of the geographic locations. If ones’ sex would automatically determine their gender then it would subsequently follow that all men and women would have uniform characters. References Buss, M. D. (2001). ‘Human nature and culture: An evolutionary psychological perspective’. Journal of Personality, 69, 955–978. Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Money, J. (1994). ‘The concept of gender identity and Racial classification. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 20, 163 – 77. Web. This essay on Race and gender was written and submitted by user Moderate Vulture to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of Photography †Art History Research Paper (300 Level Course)

The History of Photography – Art History Research Paper (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers The History of Photography Art History Research Paper(300 Level Course) What is a portrait? This is a difficult question to answer in photography. John Gere defined a portrait as â€Å"’an image which the artist is engaged with the personality of his sitter and is preoccupied with his or her characterization as an individual’† (Campbell 1). The common perception of a portrait is the representation of the subject’s likeness, however, this statement is comprehensive with deception. In this essay I will explore the meaning of the portrait in order to understand what a portrait is in photography. What constitutes a portrait? In order to understand the meaning of a portrait, we must define what makes a portrait. The dictionary defines the portrait from a historical perspective: â€Å"por’trait, the likeness of a person painted or described from life† (Highroads Dictionary 382). Similarly, I always believed a portrait is a picture of a person. Simple as it may appear to be, it is not true, it is far too complex. There may be a person in the picture but it is not necessarily a portrait of that person. The portrait is not restricted to facial features and could embody the essence of an individual through bodily gestures. The image may appear to be a portrait but lacks the essence of the individual. A portrait is a deliberate attempt to capture something of that human being (Sliwinski). As long as there is an essence the person is emitting from the photograph, it may be referred to as a portrait. If there is an absence of characterization from the person, the portrait of that person does not exist. Typically the face coincides with the portrait because â€Å"the head, and especially the face, are of paramount importance in recognition, and the eyes, nose and mouth are particular interest† (Campbell 10). The face is what defines us from each other and allows us to easily show expression by externalizing the internal. A portrait is a â€Å"mirror-image – not as we see ourselves, but as others see us† (Clarke 103). This is a difficult concept to accept because humans want to be in control in how others view them. A portrait, therefore, is a portrayal of our essence through our physical beings. The aim of a portrait is to capture a true representation of a person without personal interference from the artist or the sitter. This is an idealistic goal. It is unlikely that the sitter will not portray his or her own desired perception of himself for the camera nor is it likely that the artist will not unconsciously portray an image of themselves unto the subject. Everyone has an image of how they view themselves that contradicts how they are seen by the world. The camera conflicts with this personal battle of revealing. In Campbell’s article questioning what a portrait is, she notes that a person adjusts their features prior to viewing their own reflection which denotes a poor indication of their appearance. She continues this analogy to â€Å"someone facing a camera will normally assume an artificial expression, a ‘camera face’, and the degree of success with which he does so will determine whether or not he may be called photogenic† (8). We have all encountered the ‘photogenic’ term and the connotations that are attached to this loose definition of the ability to fool the camera. Either you are photogenic or you envy those who are photogenic. People often personify the camera in comments such as ‘the camera doesn’t like me’ or ‘the camera lies’ if they fear that the camera will not satisfy how they want to see themselves. In doing this, they are manifesting their own frustration for not being able to fool the camera into showing them how they want to look and not as they look. Photogenic people are too being fooled because it is not necessarily how they are seen by others. In viewing their beautiful portrayal of themselves, they are encouraged to believe that is how they are at every moment. The camera lies indeed. It is difficult to say one has captured the true likeness of someone once they have taken their photograph. A portrait is the physical manifestation of vanity. People want to be seen at their very best even if it goes beyond who they truly are. If it is not in their physical appearance, it is in their possessions, in their occupation, in their social status, or in their wealth. This was apparent in portraitures of the past. Only those of great wealth, status, or close association to the artist had their portrait painted. Their idea of themselves consumed the painting and distorted the likeness of the individual. People were painted to show power, beauty, and status. Any aspect they despised of themselves, or they wished upon themselves, were altered for their satisfaction often to the point where they were unrecognizable. Graham Clarke wrote: â€Å"’at virtually every level, and within every context the portrait photograph is fraught with ambiguity’† (Clarke 101). The truthfulness of photography is further challenged in portraiture where even the subject is deceptive t o the truth. We pose whenever the camera appears assuming to be something we are not (Sliwinski). The desire to control how one is seen is continuously a part of human nature. We want to be seen at our best at all times, so we camouflage our flaws and hide our weaknesses. We, as humans, do not want to be perceived as anything less than we think of ourselves. It is in human nature to be sensitive to the judgements of others and vanity allows us to guard ourselves against ridicule from ourselves. Not only are we conscious of how we look physically, we are conscious of how we are represented: â€Å"just as sitters may be idealized to make them look more beautiful than they really are, so they may be falsely characterized as more successful, discriminating, heroic, intelligent or virtuous than they may in fact be† Everyone wants to be perceived by others as the ideological image they have of themselves. It is this desire that causes us to sit tall in front of the camera, pull back our shoulders, suck in our stomachs, open our eyes wider, or countless other techniques to wilfully control the outcome of the camera’s eye. We are all guilty of trying to fool the camera from capturing us as we are, whether it would be fixing our hair or tugging at our clothes to get that perfect image. We are vain creatures who are fully aware of the camera. Digital photography is an improvement to the portrait. People are now able to control how they are seen and remembered by others. They can delete and alter their images until they have collected the perfect depiction of how they want to see themselves. In other words, digital photography is a tool for vanity discretely disguised as a tool for photography available for everyone. I too am guilty of deleting the â€Å"bad† pictures of myself that did not meet the expectations I have for seeing myself. Digital photography has made it possible to eliminate or retouch photographs to elude perfection. It poses a greater risk of likeness distortion in the future because the ever-so-perfect captions of the self has been through a screening process and does not resemble the true likeness of the self. The way we will be remembered is not how we were but how we wanted to be remembered, a false likeness of ourselves. Photographs of people presented by the media are not portraits. They may fulfil the requirements of a portrait but the essence of the person is absent. In fashion photography, the personal self is empty because the public expectations of how this person is desired to look overrides and destroys the essence of the subject. Celebrity portraits are an offspring of fashion photography: the portrait becomes how we want to view this person from an idealized perspective, not how they are viewed. Campbell emphasizes that â€Å"images of beautiful people continually present problems of classification† (Campbell 2). The reason for this is that the beauty of the person is idealized to the point of surrealism and â€Å"these can become difficult to distinguish from true portraits† (Campbell 2). The problems that arise from this are that people become easily fooled as to what beauty is and try to conform themselves into that depiction of beauty. This causes them be conscientious of their appearance at all times and robs their essence from being imprinted into their own portraits. They are both deceiving themselves from their true likeness and deceiving others into believing that it is their own likeness. In portraits â€Å"it is difficult to know exactly what one looks like or to judge a likeness of oneself† (Campbell 8) because there is a false presentation of oneself. There is an awkward relationship between the viewer and the subject in the photograph when looking at portraits without a sense of the internal. There is an invisible barrier established when the subject is aware of the camera and distorts his or her physical appearance to resemble the likeness of themselves in their mind, not the likeness they actually are. One would â€Å"need to probe the images for any hint of an internal, and private self† (Clarke 114). If the viewer needs to hunt for the sense of self from the individual, the artist has not done their job. It is the job of the photographer to capture a piece of the person that defines a part of their true self. Inge Morath underlines the purpose of a photographic portrait and the role of the photographer: a good portrait â€Å"catches a moment of stillness within the daily flows of things, when the inside of a person has a chance to come through† (Clarke 101). It is one of the most difficult things to do because people do not trust the camera to reveal themselves in a flattering manner they wish to be portrayed. It takes great skill both artistically and socially to produce a portrait that satisfies all definitions of what a portrait is in photography. What is a portrait? A portrait is a moment of time where the true essence of a person can be revealed without distortion from the subject or artist. Campbell, Lorne: ‘Portraiture’, The Grove Dictionary of Art Online, (Oxford University Press). Clarke, Graham. The Photograph. New York: The Oxford University Press, 1997. Sliwinski, Sharon. â€Å"The Portrait in Photography† Portraits. Ontario College of Art and Design. October 14, 2004. Highroads Dictionary: Pronouncing and Etymologogical. Toronto: Thomas Nelson and Sons ltd, 1951. ed. 1960. Research Papers on The History of Photography - Art History Research Paper (300 Level Course)Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

All that you need to know about Colloidal System

All that you need to know about Colloidal System A hetrogenius mixture in which solute particles are larger than molucules or ions but cannot be seen by naked eye is called colloidal solution. (Also, called colloidal dispersion, colloidal suspension.) An intimate mixture of two substances, one of which, called the dispersed phase (or colloid), is uniformly distributed in a finely divided state through the second substance, called the dispersion medium (or dispersing medium). The dispersion medium may be a gas, a liquid, or a solid and the dispersed phase may also be any of these, with the exception of one gas in another. A system of liquid or solid particlescolloidally dispersed in a gas is called an aerosol. A system of solid substance or water-insoluble liquid colloidally dispersed in liquid water is called a hydrosol. There is no sharp line of demarcation between true solutions and colloidal systems or between mere suspensions and colloidal systems. When the particles of the dispersed phase are smaller than about 10-3 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter, the system begins to assume the properties of a true solution; when the particles dispersed are much greater than 1 ÃŽ ¼m, separation of the dispersed phase from the dispersing medium becomes so rapid that the system is best regarded as a suspension. According to the latter criterion, natural clouds in the atmosphere should not be termed aerosols; however, since many cloud forms apparently exhibit characteristics of tr ue colloidal suspensions, this strict physico-chemical definition is often disregarded for purposes of convenient and helpful analogy. Condensation nuclei and many artificial smokes may be regarded as aerosols. The dispersion medium may be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Smoke is composed of a solid dispersed in gas. Milk is a liquid dispersed in liquid. Pumic stone is a gas dispersed in solids. There are two forms of colloidal syatems. 1. Sol: A system composed of non-viscous colloidal solution is called sol. For example, milk. 2. Gel: A system composed of viscous colloidal solution is called gel. For example butter. The colloidal system can be classified into two general classes on the basis of their affinty for liquids:  · Lyophilic System: The system in which dispersed phase and liquid dispersion medium attaract each other is called lyophilic system.  · Lyophobic System: The system in which the dispersed phase and liquid dispersion phase repel each other is called lyophobic system. Types of Colloidal Dispersions Dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be solid, liquid or gas. Depending upon the state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, eight different types of colloidal dispersions can exist. Eight Different Types of Colloidal Dispersions are: Foam Solid foam Liquid Aerosol Emulsions Gels Solid Aerosol Sol (Colloidal suspension) Solid sol (Solid suspension) It is important to note that when one gas is mixed with another gas, a homogeneous mixture is formed i.e. gases are completely miscible into each other. Colloidal dispersions are heterogeneous in nature and gas dispersed in another gaseous medium does not form colloidal system. When the dispersion medium is gas, the solution is called Aerosol and when the dispersion medium is liquid, the colloidal dispersion is known as Sol. Sols can further be classified into different types depending upon the liquid used.  · Properties of Colloidal System The colloidal system shows following properties. Adsorption: The tendency of molecules and ions to adhere to the surface of certain solids or liquids is called adsorption. Colloidal particles show a high tendency of adsorption. Thus, colloidal syatem provide a large surface area of adsorption of molecules and ions. Brownian Movements: Robert Brown in1927 observed that colloidal particles show random dancing movements. These movements were named Brownian movements. Tyndall Effect: The colloidal partcles scatter light. Ths is called Tyndall Effect. The path of light appears as a cone. It is known as Tyndall cone. This property helps to detect the presence of colloidal partcles. Precipitation: The additions of an electrolytr remove the electrical double layer present around the colloidal particles. As a result, the dispersed particles of a colloidal suspension will aggregate and precipitate. Electrical Properties: All colloidal particles carry same electric charge. This charge may be positive or negative. There is a adsorption of free ions in the dispersion medium. It produces an eletrical double layer around the colloidal particles. The electric charges on the colloidal particles stablize the colloidal system. Filtration: The colloidal particles cannot pass through a parchment membrance. This property of colloidal dispersions is used to separate them from true solution by a process called dialysis. Phase Reversal: The sol and gel form of colloidal system can be interchanged due to change in certain conditions. Certain lyophilic sols form gel undre certain conditions. For example, aqueous agar sols are cooled. It forms a jelly—like gel. The conversion of a sol to a gel is called gelation. If a gel of gelation or agar is heated, it will convert back to a sol. This process is known as solution. The property of colloidal dispersions is called phase reversal. 8. Surface Charge The most important characteristic of colloidal systems is surface charge on the particles. Keep in mind that a â€Å"particle† is a group of bonded atoms or molecules. Charged particles repel each other, overcoming the tendency to aggregate (the attraction force) and remaining dispersed. Particle size plays a major role in the capacity to bear a charge, and the colloidal size range is set by this capacity. In manufactured systems, the charge can be greatly increased over what might occur natu rally. Within the range, the smaller the particle, the greater the surface and the greater the charge that can be applied in manufacture. Only heterogeneous, highly dispersed colloidal systems, containing the smallest possible particles, have a well-developed surface area. Given a constant voltage applied to the system, particle charge is not automatically increased as the substance is made finer, but total charge in the system will increase. Already coarse particles will tend to fall out even if they have received an electrical charge like the smaller particles, because gravity will have a greater influence than the electrical forces which maintain the dispersion. Metallic particles have a great affinity for each other at the atomic level. They are magnetically attracted to each other and want to bond. But the magnetism of metals does not create an added difficulty of attraction against maintaining a colloidal system because of the superior capacity of metals to hold a charge. Given a constant particle size, the higher the concentration in a solution, the more likely the attraction force will overcome the repelling charge, creating larger masses. At some point, the mass will precipitate out due to gravitation. At lesser concentrations, the attraction force is insufficient for precipitative particle bonding, and groups are light enough that gravitation will not pull them out of solution. This is an ideal colloidal system. Biological Significance of Colloidal Systems 33333333333 Manufacturing Colloids and Systems At least five methods were used to manufacture colloids before 1938, including: (1) Grind, (2) Wave, (3) Liquid, (4) Chemical, (5) Electrical. For medical or health purposes, the FDA now allows both the grind and electrical manufacturing techniques to be used. Of these two methods, however, the electro-colloidal process is generally considered to be far superior. (The chemical method, described below, is restricted to industrial or commercial applications.) With the grind method, the inorganic or organic particles are usually no finer than four one-hundred-thousandths of an inch, or about one micron, which is outside the upper end of the ideal size range by a factor of 10. Such particles may or may not be electrically charged. Even if a charge is present, the size of the particles may be great enough that the repelling forces are unable to overcome the pull of gravity. Thus, particles will tend to settle to the bottom of the solution, and much of the effectiveness of the colloidal sy stem will be lost. While some sols owe their stability to particle size, charge and high dispersion, others employ a mechanical stabilizer added to the medium. Such stabilizers include gelatin, glycoproteins, and starch, among other things, which increase solution viscosity and cause the particles to settle much more slowly. The downside to this is that stabilizers tend to block the effects of the colloids, and the particles will still eventually settle if the solution is allowed to stand long enough. If the inorganic or organic particles are within the size range of 1 to 100 nm and are uniformly charged, no stabilizer is required to maintain suspension indefinitely in deionized water, as long as no disruptive influence intrudes. Thus, the integrity and power of a colloidal system is a factor of the interplay among size, charge, concentration, and interaction between particle and medium. It should be mentioned that shape is also a factor. In recent years, the chemical process has been widely employed to replace the inferior grind method, because it provides a convenient shortcut to the more difficult electro- colloidal process. But it also has drawbacks, one of which is the difficulty in getting the chemicals (acids) back out of the colloidal solution. Consequently, traces of the chemicals are frequently left in solution, which can cause unwanted effects, especially in nutritional/medical applications. After studying the health benefits of various forms of colloidal silver, Dr. Leonard Keene Hirschberg, A.M.M.D. (Johns Hopkins) concluded, â€Å"There are two principal ways of producing metallic colloids, viz., chemical and physical (electrical). The two methods yield widely different results, and from a therapeutic point of view I need only deal with the electric colloid metals, since only these present the necessary homogeneity, minuteness of granules, purity, and stability.† A simple illustration will suggest the immense power potential of a colloidal system. The total surface of a one-inch cube of iron is six square inches. By colloidal chemistry, the cube can be divided into particles having a total surface area in the range of 800,000,000 square inches, all expressing electrical energy. The total surface area of the particles in a quarter teaspoon is greater than that of a football field. The Ultimate Colloid The highest quality colloidal systems are produced by the electro-colloidal method, meaning the inorganic or organic particles and (usually) water have been completely â€Å"colloided.† This is simultaneous dispersion and bonding by a current sent through the combination. This is the only method that will create a true colloidal system by manufacture. Products that are simple mixtures of metal and liquid cannot possess nearly the potential of electrocolloids, and are therefore of questionable value. The proper electrical process allows inorganic or organic particles that are well within the colloidal size range to be drawn off an ingot. Animated by Brownian movement, they are able to remain in suspension in a liquid medium almost indefinitely. (Because many nutrients are best transported through the body in water, the best medium to use for ingested nutritional products is pure, de-ionized water.) All other things being equal, the number of particles varies inversely according to the cube of the size change, so if size is reduced 50 percent, overall number is multiplied by eight. This is a mathematical proof, and is determined by actual count using an electron microscope and by atomic absorption. Obviously, ideal size is element dependent. Size is controlled by frequency, amperage and micro-meshes, among other things. The ultimate colloidal sol contains ultra-fine and ultra-light particles in the range of 0.015-0.005 microns in diameter, and they will remain suspended in de-ionized water without need of any other ingredient. There is no visible accumulation of inorganic or organic particles either in the solution or settled on the bottom. Products that show visible particles in the solution or at the bottom of the container indicate that the particles are either too large or have not received the proper electrical charge. The metallic particles in a sol may vary in concentration, but more is not necessarily better, unless we have correspondingly smaller particles. In fact, the reverse is usually true- less is better, and in essence, less is more, functionally speaking, because as noted earlier, the higher the concentration in a solution, the more likely the attraction force will overcome the repelling charge. But even before this happens, effectiveness is reduced. The highest quality colloid will have a certain maximum number of particles. They will be of the minimum possible size, and ideally no more than a â€Å"handful† of atoms hooked together per molecule of water utilized, and in a negatively charged state. This will prevent further aggregation at that size.

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example The gradual awareness of consumers regarding how products are made, what practices are being adapted in buying and selling of raw materials have relatively push them to reassess their decisions regarding what goods and services they purchase and consume. (Carrigan, Szmigin & Wright, 2004) An interesting question however arises regarding as to what actually motivates consumers to adapt ethical behavior? Whether the overall ethical awareness of the consumers have reached to a point where they are now able to clearly evaluate and assess the consequences of their purchase decisions on the society and world as a whole? But is there anything with the name of ethical consumption? How consumers can draw the line between their responsibilities as well as how much responsible they are for their purchase decisions. Are businesses responsible too for their actions? These are some of the questions which will be explored in this article. Ethical Consumption There are many factors which actually ou tline as to why there has been a shift towards ethical consumption. ... Ethical consumers therefore tend to focus more on evaluating different aspects of companies including their hiring processes, use of animal products, the damage done to environment etc. Spending has been given a global as well as individual morality wherein consumers perceive themselves as custodian of earth. At the individual level, spending is considered as the clearest way through which consumers actually demonstrate their moral choices. (Freestone & McGoldrick, 2008) The overall notion of ethical consumers and ethical consumption emerged out of the concept of green consumer. Ethical consumption however, is believed to be a relatively complex web of decisions which are being made by the consumer. Ethical consumer therefore not only assesses the impact of his buying on the environment but also adds human element to the green consumption also. Ethical consumers therefore also include matter of conscience in their decision making regarding the purchases they plan to make. (Strong, 19 96) Though it has been argued that consumers have become ethical because of improvements in technology as well as information flow however, still limited nature of information may limit consumers’ ability to know the true outcome of their purchase decisions. It has also been suggested that unequal distribution of wealth may also be one of the reasons as to whether there can be ethical consumers in first place? It is argued that until and unless issue of unequal distribution of wealth is not addressed, consumers may never be able to fulfill their democratic role as ethical consumers. (Shaw & Clarke, 1998) Is there any ethical consumption Above arguments suggest that consumers may not be able to fully become

Money,Banking&Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Money,Banking&Finance - Essay Example The present prices of the bonds would help in the determination of the market rate of interest, or the price that would be paid for the use of the money for a period of time. There exists a functional relationship between the rate of interest and the time of the bonds. The term structure of interest rates or the yield curve shows the relationship between the rate of interest and the yields of the bonds with the terms to maturities. The curve is a representation of the various opportunities that may exist for the arbitrage as well as the expectation of the markets about the interest rates that may prevail in future. Interest Rates While carrying out the analysis of the yield curve it is essential to know the components of the nominal interest rates. This equation shows that the real rate of interest represented by r is the main component of the rate of interest. On the other hand, sigma is the risk premium that is being added to the rate of interest which is open to fluctuations due t o various events. On the other hand, ? is the representative of the rate of inflation while l is the component that would capture the liquidity. The various financial markets would offer bonds and other long term instruments that would be offering a variety of interest or the rates of return (Kettell, 2001, pp. 19-26). The premium is the representation of the consumer behaviour that would depict that the consumers would be unwilling to hold that particular asset class. The following diagram shows the break-up of the various components of the rates of interest. The loans that are provided for the long term cost higher because the premium for liquidity would increase with the increase in the tenure of the bonds. The people would always want to hold liquidity at the present period of time rather than a later period. The opportunity cost of keeping the money in the hand would be less in the present period as compared to the future period. Yield Curve The yield curve is drawn from the yi eld to maturity of the bonds. The yield to maturity (YTM) is considered to be the approximate value of the rate of interest for a particular term to maturity of a bond. The various points of the terms to maturity and the corresponding yields to maturity are plotted on a plane and the curve that is fitted along these points is known as the yield curve. The following diagram is an example of a yield curve. In the plane the vertical axis measures the yield of the bonds and the horizontal axis measures the term to maturity of the bond. Figure 1: Yield curve The yield curve thus summarises yield of the different bonds that are being traded on a particular date. The yields or the different tenors in such cases may be different. The yield of a bond is the unique rate at which the cash flows that is provided by a bond is discounted. Thus even though the accrual of the cash flows are taking place at the different points in time the rate at which it is taking place is the same (Rossi, 2007, p p. 225-241). This rate is known as the yield to maturity of the bonds. In most cases the interest rates are considered to be fixed for the entire tenor. This would give rise to a flat yield curve as shown in the diagram below. Throughout the tenure of the bond the rate of interest that has been offered in case of this yield curve is 3.5%. Figure 2: Flat Yield Curve The

Maslow and Taylor Essay Example for Free

Maslow and Taylor Essay The maslow pyramid of needs symbolise a theory needs and motivations of the 40s by Abraham maslow this pyramid is divided to 5 levels, according to him the human being tries to satisfy one need in one level before they start thinking about the next one :the person start with the level at the bottom which is the bare necessities like food and the shelter when all physiological needs are stisfied the person steps up to the next level which is security (health, work, belongings) then they jump to the social needs where people need to be a part of a society a group a family where they can communicate and work as a team then the 4th need which is the esteem of thenselfs and people, people need to see that they are respected then the last one which is the self actualisation which measured by how people see themselfs and their success in challenges in their work On the other hand Taylor sees the work motivation differently and talks about it with a theory of scientific management : which is mostly based on motivation by pay because according to him workers dont enjoy their work thats why they need to be controled. for that managers should separate production into small tasks and workers should get the training for the task they are meant to do as they can work efficiently on their task , theses workers are paid according to the number0 of items they have produced on a period of time which motivate them to increase their productivity . in other words Taylor sees workers as machines and makes them over-exploited. The main difference between how maslow and taylor see the workers motivation is that the second thinks that money is the only motivation which we can see in everydays life that it is false, maslow separed motivation to 5 levels when the worker satisfies one level of needs he moves up to an other level and become more demanding this is why workers under taylorism went on strikes , because there is many factors apart from income that affects the workers motivation like the working conditions the recognisation of their work , the greatings of the manager

Stowe and Truth Essay -- essays research papers

The Negro of today is a failure, not because he meets insuperable difficulties in life, but because he is a Negro. His brain is not fitted for the higher forms of mental effort; his ideals, no matter how laboriously he is train and sheltered, remain hose of a clown. He is, in brief, a low-caste man, to the manner [sic] born, and he will remain inert and inefficient until fifty generations of him have lived in civilization. And even then, the superior white race will be fifty generations a head of him. Around the 1850's many whites perceived this statement to be true. Not only did they believe in it, but they also had science and the doctors behind the science supporting this belief (Typically white males in the profession). African-Americans, as well as women were considered to be of lower intelligence, not able to perform in "higher forms of mental effort" and in the case of blacks "able to perform in a civilized manner". These two different causes gradually found themselves merging throughout history sharing one common cause, equal rights. When many of us hear about the civil rights movement we generally tend to think of the civil rights movement of the 1960's. With many well know leaders of the time, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, many would say that the Civil Rights movement was at its' peak. With all of the things that were going on during the time, and the fact that it was televised though the eyes of millions via television. It's No wonder The Civil rights movement of the 1960's is thought of as the peak and or beginning of the movement. One could say that the civil rights movement started in 1680's, right at the beginning of slavery. Part of the Civil Rights movement was slavery and or Anti-slavery. Before Blacks could be considered equal, they first had to be depicted as humans. This would prove to be no easy task. Slavery roughly started around 1619, that's when the first indentured servants arrived in Jamestown, and ended totally in the US around 1865 with the emancipation proclamation. There were many heroes in the battle against slavery that were both black and white. Around the 1800's slavery was more openly being expressed as being wrong. Many blacks started to speak against their master, some rebelled, som... ...ise to the entire human race? This is the most important document that our country was founded on, as the constitution is the supreme law of the land. When the Europeans came over to America they came here to escape persecution, but eventually manifested into the people they fled from. Europeans became the founding fathers of persecution in what was to become the USA. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe were two women who went about to change the unjust treatment, for not just women but for blacks as well. The relationship that Harriet Beecher Stowe and Sojourner Truth had was very uncommon at that time. Even the causes that they supported joining were very much uncommon but yet same. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe set a trend in American society that is still present today. A trend that two causes could find alimentation with one another. Many may argue as to whether or not Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe started the merging of the two movements but it can be assumed that the two reflected the relationship of the two parties at the time. Cited in Charles E. Siberman, Crisis in black and White (New York: Vintage, 1964), 108

Panel Discussion

Eulene Albert F. Geronimo SPEECOM EG Reflection Paper for Panel Discussion To be honest, we felt a little disappointed when Ms. Jeanne Purpura told us minutes before our panel discussion that the projector was not available for use. In addition, we also sort of panicked because almost half of what we would deliver that day was only based and could only be delivered effectively by our powerpoint presentation. The graphs and statistics we have researched about were included in that visual aid; the audience might have enjoyed and understood the discussion more if the projector was functioning well.All the same, we still managed to get through. In fact, in my opinion, we have achieved our objective of informing the audience about mobile nuclear drive, its advantages, disadvantages and consequences to the health and welfare of the society. However, no panel discussion is perfect. In fact, no speech is flawless; everyone has his/her own strengths and weaknesses. And in this paper, I am goi ng to discuss the strong and weak points of our panel discussion. Let me begin with the â€Å"Speaker† aspects in the rubric for panel discussion.I admit that one of the weak spots of our group was the lack of enthusiasm in our facial expressions and voice projection. We, the panel members, also failed to establish rapport with one another. However, in my opinion, my groupmates and I tried our best to be as knowledgeable as possible with regards to our assigned topic. Without a doubt, I can tell that we looked prepared and credible, not just because we are engineering students and are expected to really have some grasp of these kind of topics but because we have really researched and internalized the issue in depth.We also wore appropriate formal attire and took our respective roles as different kinds of engineers seriously. As a result of these, we had some convincing power towards the audience that I felt their eagerness to listen and learn more about our subject matter. Th ey even asked a handful of questions and this serves as proof that they were really into our discussion. On the other hand, I confess that the flow of our discussion was not that organized. The ideas did not come in a smooth flow and I think, this was one of the consequences of not having a visual aid.In effect, the panel discussion lacked spontaneity. However, we should have adjusted with regards to that aspect for the reason that technical difficulties are inevitable and a good speaker should have seen that and have prepared for that beforehand. In the rubric, we scored relatively high in the â€Å"Message Content† part. I think it is because our arguments are supported with adequate evidence and well–researched facts and information. We failed to cite our references though, for the reason that our list of references was embedded in our powerpoint presentation.Lastly, based on the feedback we have received from our blockmates, I believe that our group has answered th e questions of the audience credibly and convincingly. Next aspect would be the organization. Thanks to our moderator, Mr. Doolittle, who started and ended our panel discussion with a bang. On the other side of the coin, we failed to use transitions and the details we discussed were not that logically organized, like what I said in one of the paragraphs above. In other words, a smooth flow of ideas was not observed.Apologies. In the aspect of transmission, we also scored relatively high. There was a varied intonation and a conversational tone while we delivered the information. There was also a controlled speed delivery; we went not too fast but not too slow. In simpler words, we went at a moderate pace, so as not to hurry or lose the eagerness of the audience. When it comes to nonverbal aspects of speech delivery, our group did not fail to apply what we have learned. I noticed some simple but effective gestures while watching our video.Even the effortless movements of hands while d iscussing could help in transmitting what we are trying to express or say. Our group also explained the technicalities and the mechanics of nuclear power in layman’s terms so as to be understood by our blockmates who are not that familiar with our subject matter. For this reason, I think it is valid to say that we used clear language to benefit everyone. Still, we fell trap to using fillers like uhm’s and ah’s and unavoidable pauses. Sorry for those. On the bright side, there was no code-switching in our discussion.In linguistics,  code-switching  is the switching between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. In our discussion, we really tried our very best to explain the topic to our audience through he use of only one language, English. This is for the reason that English will be used when we communicate with our fellow engineers and with other professionals less than five years from now. Last would be the a udience rapport. At the beginning of the discussion, our moderator formally acknowledged the presence of the audience, especially of Ms.Jeanne. Also, our group made it a point to include audience participation in our discussion. In truth, according to them, we have addressed and answered their questions and clarifications properly. Also, a big â€Å"thank you† to our moderator, Mr. Doolittle, who did well in maintaining the balance of our discussion and for adding some humor when the topic becomes serious and very technical; without him, the audience might have been bored with the endless scientific terms being bombarded to them. With this, the audience paid attention and rapport with them was established.What’s more, the fact that our topic, Mobile Nuclear Drive, was new, interesting, appealing and environment-related adds to the list of our strengths of our panel discussion. Conversely, one weak point in this aspect would be the failure of establishing and maintainin g eye contact with the audience. To sum up, for the reason that we received more good comments than bad ones from our blockmates, I can say that our panel discussion was not much of a disaster even though we did not have a powerpoint presentation to aid us.Just like the previous activity, the Informative Speech, I also learned lots of lessons in this Panel Discussion activity. First, be prepared just in case a technical difficulty comes in and ruins your original plan. Always have plan B. Second, rapport is very essential when it comes to almost everything. But to be specific, audience rapport in speeches is a â€Å"must† because without it, your whole speech would be wasted because no one will listen to you. Third, know your topic from the heart. Who knows?You could be asked with heaps of questions and you should be able to answer if not all, most of them. Plus, five years from now, we might be working in a company and when it comes to project or business proposals, we shoul d master every detail, may it be big or small, so as to gain the credibility and trust of other, even higher professionals. Lastly, there must be a logical organization of the details or the parts of your speech so as not to confuse your audience and for them to continue listening with eagerness and full attention.

Gautama Buddha Essay

The celebration of Wesak which is the annual ritual celebrating the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and death (parinirvana), provides an opportunity for adherents to reflect on the Buddha’s life and teaching. The Wesak festival is extremely important to the Buddhist adherent and the Buddhist community. The Wesak festival or Buddha’s Day celebrates the birthday of Prince Siddhartha Gautama, who was to become Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. The Wesak festival is a time for devotion and remembering the important aspects of the teachings of Buddhism. Wesak is a holy day for Buddhists in many countries such as Tibet, Cambodia, Malaysia Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Bhutan. Wesak, Buddha day or Buddha’s birthday is the most sacred holy day for those apart of Theravada Buddhism and also important for the insight meditation movement. Wesak is the celebration of the three days significant to the Buddha’s life first was his birth, the second his enlightenment (nirvana) and the third his death (Parinirvana). The date of Wesak varies and is very important and significant as it relies on the lunar calendar, it is usually falls on a full moon of the 5th or 6th lunar month. Wesak on the Gregorian calendar usually falls in April or May. Prince Siddhartha was born on the 8th day of the fourth lunar month or on the day of the full moon in 623 B. C. in Lumbini, Rupandehi District, West Terai, Nepal. Wesak celebrates the Three Jewels. Wesak is important to the adherents to reflect on Buddha’s life and teachings as is acknowledging the ongoing living religious tradition that remains strongly for followers. The main objective of Buddhism is to one day reach enlightenment and this is exactly what Wesak celebrates and reinforces the ultimate goal of Buddhism that Buddha was a human who became enlightened. This is important as it reinstates the fact that it is possible for humans to reach enlightenment. To reach closer to Nirvana and the chance of a better life in the cycle of samara you must perform good acts to receive good karma, through the act of washing and cleaning the hands of Buddhists and monks this symbolises the karma of certain actions. The festival of Wesak, with its emphasis on accepting the responsibilities of the ethical life, is also a celebration of the human spirit. ’ An important part of Wesak to the adherents is Sangha. And a part of this acknowledgement of the Sangha is listening to the wisdom and the teaching of the Dharma from the members of their community. As karma is a central belief of Buddhism there is a strong will for adherents are to donate and show generosity to the less fortunate at this time. â€Å"First of all, Buddhism is neither pessimistic nor optimistic. If anything at all, it is realistic, for it takes a realistic view of life and the world. It looks at things objectively (yathabhutam). It does not falsely lull you into living in a fool’s paradise, nor does it frighten and agonize you with all kinds of imaginary fears and sins. † The middle path what Buddha had preached is important to Wesak as it gives the adherents a time to reflect on his preaching’s of in a world full of suffering there is place for celebration. On the day of Wesak devout Buddhists are to come together in temples before dawn before they have ceremonial hoisting of the Buddhist Flag and do their mantras in praise of the three jewels; Dharma, Sangha, Buddha. Those who attend the festivals may bring flowers and candles as offerings to lay at the feet of their teachers. The symbolism of these offerings are that beautiful flowers eventually wither away, and candles once bright burn out, such as what life it is subject to. The adherents that attend receive good karma for themselves and for their communities. Although there is some parts of Wesak that involve acknowledging then destroying the wrong doings and bad karma of the previous year the Wesak festival is a time of celebrations and coming together. The community play games, listen to music, attend drama performances. Decorations are put up around houses and villages and their neighbours are encouraged to join in on the festivities. An important ritual that happens during the Wesak festival is the bathing of the Buddha. The bathing of the Buddha in fragrant water has been important since the legend of the Buddha’s birth has been told. It is a symbol of inner purification, the ritual is said to help get rid of sins. This ritual highlights the universal message that â€Å"it is simple to wash away physical dirt but it is much more difficult to cleanse one’s inner dirt of greed, anger and ignorance. †

Beware of These 26 Worst College Majors

Beware of These 26 Worst College Majors SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the biggest decisions you’ll have to make while you’re in college (or even before you begin) is what you’ll want to major in.When you choose a major, you might primarily think about your academic interests or long-term career goals. But perhaps you’re concerned about more practical matters, like employment and earnings opportunities. If you want to scope out majors that will make it more difficult for you to be professionally successful in the long run, you’ve come to the right place. Here, I’ll lay out what makes a major â€Å"bad† before listing the worst college majors in a variety of categories (like worst paying majors, majors with the highest unemployment rates, and lowest value majors). Keep in mind, however, that these can still be great subjects to study. Already majoring in one of the subjects on this list or planning to in the future? Don’t worry - that doesn’t mean you’re doomed to professional failure. At the end, I’ll list tips and strategies for success if you’ve decided to pursue one of the majors on these lists. Let’s get started! What Makes a Major â€Å"Bad?† There's no such thing as an objectively bad major - you should study whatever topic you choose. But in the context of this article, I’m defining the "worst" college majors as onesthat may make it more difficult for you to: Find employment post-graduation (based onaverage unemployment rates) Make a good living (based on average salary) Both find a job AND find a job that pays well There are a lot of reasons why a particular major might make it more difficult for a graduate to find a relatively well-paying job quickly. You’ll want to do your own research on majors that you’re interested in, but here are some possible explanations for why a major may end up on one of our â€Å"worst† lists: Competition in an industry is particularly high, making it harder for recent grads to break into the field. There isn’t a lot of demand for a particular professional with that major, which drives down salaries. A bachelor’s degree may not be enough to gain success in the field. Students may need to pursue a graduate degree in order to find gainful employment. Jobs in a particular field may be found mostly in the public sector. Public sector jobs tend to pay less than private sector jobs. These majors can still be great areas of study and lead to fulfilling careers; they are just, on average, less lucrative ones. Majors With the Worst Employment Rates The following majors are the ones that may make it most difficult for you to find a job after graduation, especially in your field. These majors are correlated with higher-than-average unemployment rates based on a recent report out of Georgetown University. Here are some recent, important figures for reference: Unemployment rates for high school graduates, aged 18-24: 18.9% Unemployment rate for graduates with bachelor’s degrees, aged 18-24: 6.7% *Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2014 You’ll notice that the unemployment rates listed below are much lower than 18.9%, which is the unemployment rate for people without a college degree. They are, however, higher than the average unemployment rate for young people with bachelor’s degrees (6.7%). I’ve also included unemployment for â€Å"experienced graduates† of these majors - you’ll notice that unemployment rates drop as people age and gain more professional experience. We can’t tell, however, whether these people are working in the particular field they majored in at school. On this list, recent college grads are defined as individuals with bachelor’s degrees aged 22-26. Experienced college grads are defined as individuals with bachelor’s degrees aged 35-54. The most recent data is from 20-2012, which is a few years ago now, but given how long this sort of research can take it’s the best information we currently have. These majors may lead to increased job search timelines, which means more stress and less money in your pocket. International Business Unemployment for recent college grads: 12.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: Not enough information available Computer and Information Systems Unemployment for recent college grads: 12.1% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 4.3% Anthropology and Archaeology Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 7.1% Political Science Government Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 5.8% Architecture Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 7.3% Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.4% Fine Arts Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.2% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.5% Commercial Art and Graphic Design Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.8% Economics Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.8% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 4.4% Psychology Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.3% Worst Paying Majors If your primary concern when choosing a major is earning potential, you might want to stay away from the ones on the following list. They’re correlated with particularly low earnings for â€Å"experienced† grads (aged 25-59) according to that same Georgetown report. Median earnings are more helpful than average earnings because averages are easily skewed by very high or very low outliers. Keep in mind that the most recent information from this report is from 20-2012, so salaries are probably slightly higher now. For reference, the average graduate with a bachelor’s degree makes $45,478 right out of college. The average adult with a bachelor’s degree regardless of age makes about $59,124. You may want to avoid the following majors if this empty wallet makes you sadder than it would the average person. Fine Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Drama and Theater Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Anthropology and Archaeology Median earnings for recent grads: $29,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $57,000 Physical Fitness, Parks, Recreation, and Leisure Median earnings for recent grads: $30,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Social Work Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $44,000 Family and Consumer Sciences Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $47,000 Music Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Psychology Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Film, Video, and Photographic Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Chemistry Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $73,000 Lowest Value Majors In this category, I used information from that Georgetown Report to consider the lowest value majors. These are majors that are associated with both high rates of unemployment AND low salaries - that is, they’re the majors that showed up on both of the lists above. Here, you can check out unemployment and median earnings for both recent and more experienced grads for the lowest value majors. Anthropology and Archaeology Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.9% Median earnings for recent grads: $29,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 7.1% Median earnings for experienced grads: $57,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.4% Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Fine Arts Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.2% Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.5% Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.4% Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Psychology Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 9.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.3% Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Are You Doomed If You’ve Chosen One of the WorstMajors? The short answer: no. There are a lot of reasons you can be successful even if you’ve chosen a major that’s associated with low salary, high unemployment, or both. Many students prioritize personal and academic interests over high future salaries, and that’s 100% OK (as long as you’re well-informed and realistic about your employment prospects). Still concerned? Here are a few reasons why you shouldn’t be too worried about choosing a â€Å"bad† major. Don’t abandon ship until you’ve read the rest of this post. You Don’t Have to Pursue a Career That’s Directly Related to Your Major Some of the majors listed above are fairly flexible or broad in scope (like psychology or philosophy). If you’re concerned about getting a job or making enough money after you graduate, you should know it’s possible to switch gears and look for entry-level employment that isn’t directly related to your major. Many employers will view your past employment history as more important that your college major, especially as you get older. You may have to spend more time working your way up the ranks from an entry-level position, but that’s super common with recent college grads anyways. You Can Pursue Graduate Degrees in Your Field A graduate degree may lead to an increase in salary and a decrease in the chance you’ll stay unemployed. Some BA degrees won’t get you anywhere in a particular field without a graduate degree (e.g. you can do next to nothing in psychology without at least a master’s). This won’t apply to every major, but you may want to look into whether a graduate degree (either an MA or a PhD) is all but required for a job in a particular field. Graduate degrees can be expensive and costly, but they can really pay off in the long run with better employment prospects and higher salaries (again, though, it’s important to do your own research on this). Alternatively, you may be able to pursue a graduate degree in a new field, especially if your undergraduate major is one of the more flexible options. 4 Tips If You’re Studying One of the Worst College Majors If you’ve chosen one of these majors (and will be sticking with it), there are a few important things you can do to make sure you don’t end up unemployed or underpaid. Know What You Can Expect to Make If you have a specific career in mind, you can look at websites like payscale.com or salary.com for more info on average earnings. If you’re happy (or unhappy) with these prospects, this will give you an idea of whether you should stay the course or pivot to another career path. Speak With Other Graduates in Your Major Are they working in the same field, or are they doing something different? Are they happy with what they’re earning? Was it difficult to find a job? Keep in mind that any information you get is is anecdotal evidence, so take it with a grain of salt. Meet With a Career Counselor You can often schedule a meeting with a counselor through your school’s career center. They can speak with you more about possible career options based on your major, interests, and strengths. They may also have more info about job growth and earning potential. Finally, career counselors may have contacts in your field in case you wanted to connect with grads in your major - this could turn out to be a great resource. Have a Career Plan Coming up with a solid plan means asking yourself a ton of questions about what you want, including: Do you want to stay in your field and look for jobs directly related to your major, or do you want to branch out? Can you start getting entry-level experience now so that you’ll be better prepared to enter the workforce after you graduate? Would it pay off to look into graduate degree programs? Would a graduate degree make you significantly more valuable as an employee? As your answers to these questions shift (or not) over time, you can amend your plans and goals so that your professional career ends up where you want it to. Coming up with a plan - even if you have to scrap it a few times - is never a bad idea. Wrapping Up The way I defined â€Å"worst† at the beginning of this article was pretty narrow. If your primary concerns are job availability and/or salary, the majors listed here may not be the best fit for you. However, that doesn’t mean that these majors should be avoided at all costs and under all circumstances, and it doesn’t mean you can’t be successful if you’ve chosen one of these majors. It does mean that you should think carefully and critically about your career prospects, especially if you’re interested in choosing one of these majors. To be frank, however, everyone should be doing this if they want to be optimally successful with their degree, no matter how â€Å"good† of a major they’ve chosen. What’s Next? Still stressed about selecting a college major? Only you can figure out which major is best for you, but we may have some information to make the decision a bit easier. Learn about how to choose a major for your college application, and then check out our post on the average college GPA by major. If you’re thinking longer-term about your career prospects, you might be interested in learning about job shadowing - it’s a great way to test out a particular profession to see if it may be a good fit. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: